It sounds like a plan, but talk with your employer if he can apply at Immigration for conversion of your Visa Exempt Entry or the Extension into a Non Immigrant B visa.
If you arrive before 14 Oct 2022 (valid until date of the Non Immigrant O-A visa) and you have a valid insurance for 1 year you get a new 1 year of stay stamped in your passport.
BUT this stay is NOT a multiple entry stay as your visa is not valid anymore.
If you like to travel during that period, you need a single or multiple re-entry permit and get the same Admitted to stay date on return (as you think Sep 2023)
I see the problem of extra travel. Let's hope the Thai Immigration officers understand that the German Government is not willing to use EMS service or locate an Embassy close to your home.
According the website of the German Embassy the new passport can be obtained in Chang Mai, Pattaya, Phuket or Bangkok. Why do you have to travel 800 KM to any of these places?
You apply during the last 30 days of your permitted to stay period.
If you stil use the Non Immigrant O visa it will be between 30 days before and the day in the small stamp Admitted until xx/xx/xx which you got on entry.
I have no personal experience, that is why I showed the website and let it in the group. Now waiting for others who actually applied and can tell you how long they waited.