Most my experience have been good, or better than what you are describing. However, you are also limited by what type of visa and what the embassy will do for you.
You could try applying for a visa from Los Angeles. It's online so you dont have to go there. I am a US resident but their form still require I upload proof of residence, which was a copy of my passport. I doubt they even looked.
You can try. I think the worse that will happen is the decline you.
I am just going through the visa process. I allowed for 15 working days, as suggested. If you did the same, your 1 week in Dubai becomes 3 - 4. I still have the headache of getting Thai pass. Seriously, this time around, post covid, I am strongly considering alternative to Thailand. Love the country, hate the immigration restrictions.
I did book Agoda.. I tried to book through the hotel directly but they were having problems with processing credit cards, and answer the phone, and responding to e.mails.
I *thin* Qatar's requirements are set by the destination country. In my case USA. US's requirements is 1 day (not 24 hours). Probably the requirement you are reading is set by Thailand. Thailand's requirements are ever changing and Qatar may not update their site as often as Thailand is updating the requirements.