Not sure what you’re meaning by a single entry visa.
The way the OA works is that the visa is valid for one year on approval.
Whenever you enter Thailand within that first year you are given a stamp for one year or until your medical insurance is valid until whatever is the shorter. You can come and go during this first year as many times as you like.
If you were to leave and return just before th visa itself expires and you have updated medical insurance then when you arrive you’ll be given another year stamp (or until you insurance is valid), effectively making the visa usable for two years.
The second year isn’t multiple entry and as the visa itself has expired if you leave you’d need to buy a re-entry permit (single or multiple) to keep that year stamp valid.
You can’t change to a dependent DTV in Thailand. She would need to apply for that at a consulate/embassy outside of Thailand.
Some consulate’s won’t require separate funding, but some will. Some that require may not need 3 months of 500k but just the current balance showing that.
Contact your embassy/consulate to see what their policy is.
This will become a recurring theme with a 5 year visa. Many people will need to get a new passport during that time.
It’s not an issue. If your old passport linked to the DTV has expired just carry both passports with you when you travel.
If you’ve lost the original passport then you need to go through the steps of getting the entry stamp and notation on the old passport in the new one - which you would do at a local immigration office. Once done you shouldn’t have any issues travelling with the new passport and recorded stamps detailing the link to your old one.
Again it’s office dependent. In Phuket for example the need a new filing if the system has been updated as you state. In some other offices they don’t.
Didn’t read the bit about before entering Cambodia, just read it as on return.
The TM30 bit is dependent on the immigration office. Some insist if you stay in a hotel and return home, some only if you go overseas and return home and some don’t care if you’re returning to your home whether you’ve stayed in a hotel or returned from abroad.
You can get a re-entry permit at anytime prior to leaving. If that’s day one or on the day you fly doesn’t matter. If you do it at an immigration office they’ll probably want to see that you’ve had a TM30 filed. If at an airport they won’t care.
You don’t have to report to immigration. Your house owner reports you as staying at their property (TM30). If it’s a hotel they’ll usually do it by default. If a private house then that house owner can either report in person to your local office or just do it online which takes a couple of minutes.