As a US citizen, you can enter Thailand on 60 day visa exempt with an option to renew for a further 30 days for a fee of 1,900 baht. You only need your passport plus a form called a TDAC (online ) which you complete within 72 hours prior to arrival
You need to determine what your goals will be in visiting Thailand , and related activities /place to see.
Determine a budget based on number of days . You can take cash and change to baht in Thailand, credit cards can be used at hotels , larger stores without any fees. Smaller stores typically charge a 3% fee on top of the purchase amount. Debit cards can be used at ATM , however you are charged a fee of 250 baht each time , so you want to optimize the amount taken out .
Ensure you take out travel medical insurance to cover you for your time out of the US
I had to prove evidence of insurance prior to arriving to Thailand , as part of their approval requirements
I am not clear on your other question. Assuming you are meeting the income of 80 k USD during the past two years as required for the threshold for approval then not need to provide additional information. If lower amount but higher than 40usd then additional documentation is required
However you are best to contact BOI through their email for clarification