Unfortunately, there is no "short-term" extension available for Non-Immigrant-based visas/extensions including retirement.
60-day visiting Thai family extension is the only possible extension for less than one year to a Non-Immigrant-based visa or extension. Unless you have a legal and immediate Thai family in Thailand, you cannot apply for it.
That depends on the immigration office. Some accept TM30 receipts from years ago. Some want you to have the TM30 receipt with both check-in/check-out filled "valid" dates. <- means application day is between check-in/check-out dates.
, sadly, no "grace period" once the current extension expires after the Thai spouse passes. The foreign husband must leave and enter Thailand again, either on a visa-exempt/waiver/tourist visa, or Non-O from the Thai consulate if he is eligible to apply.
In that case, if I understand right, foreign husband can stay until the the end of the current extension. So whether enough days remain or not depends.