You cannot legally volunteer on a retirement visa. In order to legally volunteer you need to be on a visa that is not work restricted (like a non-B work visa or a non-O volunteer visa) and have a work permit from the organization you'll be volunteering for. That's basically unheard of nowadays.
So your most likely options are to not volunteer to stay legal, or to volunteer illegally like many do.
There's no way to qualify for a retirement visa with 33k baht per month.
And all of that is irrelevant because the only way to use income in Thailand to apply for your extension is with embassy certified income. The UK embassy does not offer this for many years already. That means your ONLY option for the first year is 800,000 in your Thai bank account.
If you cannot meet the requirements, your only other option is paying an agent who will then "pay" immigration to look the other way.
No. There is no rule or law that says any number of days. It's at the discretion of the immigration officer you are standing in front of. Whatever their personal rule is. Many people have experienced issued if already at 90 days within 6 months and 6 months within a year.
This is not something anyone here can answer. This is a question for his employer and his immigration office. They are the ones processing everything, it's up to them on when it's all completed.