It will be announced like every other time a note/coin that has been removed from circulation. They will slowly remove old notes until there is only so many in circulation and then announce that you have until X date to exchange/use the old note/coin.
Non-O visa then Non-O extension to 1 year and getting a multiple re-entry permit is probably your best bet. If you time it right you'll be able to do it on your next entry.
The UK embassy doesn't care from my experience, I can't speak for the rest though. However your biggest problem will likely be with the airline as most will ask to see an onwards/return flight when checking-in
Yes you need to inform both the labour office and immigration which can be done prior to your last day at work.
Failing to inform immigration and the labour office can effect your ability to get another long-term visa and/or work permit in the future and will likely result in an overstay fine from immigration if you do not cancel your extension.
every airline I've flown with from the UK to Thailand has asked to see a return ticket pal. If you've got your Thai ID card just show them that, if you haven't they could refuse boarding because you wouldn't have a return ticket.
Are they registered in Thailand and have their ID card? If yes, then yes, if no, then you need to go about getting them registered and their ID card first.
if you have a bachelor in education or higher and 1 year teaching experience in your home country or 2 years in Thailand you only need to sit the Krusapha test, you do not need the 9 month top up course.