I don't know about Phuket specifically but in every other international airport in Thailand (BKK.DMK, CNX, HDY) you can get a re-entry permit at the airport. B1200 and they take a digital photo so you don't need to bring one with you.
You MAY need to show an exit ticket to the airline when you board your flight to Thailand. If you tell then you will be traveling by ground they may let you sign a waiver to protect them from liability for letting you travel without an exit/return ticket.
Alternatively, buy a cheap, disposable ticket (Air Asia to Penang works if you are going into Chiang Mai and is cheap).
Non-B extension based on a WP, 1900 (90-days to 1 year. )
The process will vary a bit depending on the job - I am assuming you are being hired as an employee and not a "business partner".
Typically, if you enter as a tourist you can process the non-B paperwork here and IF you have 15 days remaining on your period of stay, do a change of status from tourist to non-B.
IF you are short of time you can hop to a Thai consulate in a nearby country and process your non-B there.
IF someone is charging you 12,800 it would be a red-flag to me that you are being scammed.
Yup... I was in grad school and took 8 weeks between semesters... not a problem as long as the visa is valid when you return and you have a re-entry permit.