Are you asking if the Thai embassy in Laos uses evisa yet? If that's your question then the answer is no. While many other Thai embassies in the region switched to e-visa this month, Laos still has not and there is no word when they will yet.
I know precious little about the US visa system. Same goes for most countries I think. That's why people asking their Thai wives and girlfriends for help navigating Thai immigration is a lost cause 😁
Just do your due diligence. Read reviews, get recommendations, go there and get a consultation first. Most of the big dentists in Bangkok have all their prices listed online so there won't be any surprises and you can easily compare. You get what you pay for, and someone who was trained in America won't be charging rock bottom prices.
Really not much benefit. Some anecdotal evidence that some people have been able to get Thai price at national parks with the pink ID card, but others were not able to. Can use it to check-in to hotels and fly domestically within Thailand, but you can use a Thai drivers license for that as well. The only real possible benefit is that some DLT offices will accept your yellow book instead of a residence certificate for drivers license or vehicle title services.
wouldn't be possible. Each immigration office gets to set their own requirements so they're not the same anywhere. Plus each time the leadership is shuffled around between offices things tend to change. Happens almost yearly.
You go to your local immigration office and apply. The documents and procedures vary depending on your immigration office. These are a list of common requirements but it might not match your office.
Your plan is fine. Just make sure you buy your tickets to Laos before you set off on your trip, that way if you are asked for proof of onward travel out of Thailand you have it available.
They did not ask that. They asked about a visa while they are taking training. Then afterwards they are looking for a job to hopefully teach english classes.