On arrival you fill out the arrival card stating where you will be staying to immigration. ( staying hotel, the hotel doesn't need to. Notify immigration)
You only then have to notify immigration again if you plan to change where you are staying for longer that 30 days. And if you plan to stay with friends or family then they must also notify immigration 24 hours before you arrive, that you will be staying with them.
Someone traveling around the country staying at different locations for a few days does of course NOT have to keep notifying immigration where they are staying.
I dont live in BKK so cant help there.... it is another option. But it might not be worth while doing it just for the visa purposes. But worth considering if you wanted to genuinely learn the language.
You will have to either go to Loas and apply of a tourist visa or go back to your country and apply for one there.. i. Cant see any other options.. unless you applied for a different type of visa which you can get in Thailand like a student visa.
Yes as Sumit dhawan said... some passport holders can get a "visa on arrival" at the airport so no need to go back to Germany... however.. most people are not aware of this.. immigration could/ should have told her ..