I think it was a proposal some years ago, but there’s no written 180 days rule at date. However 180 days in country without a long stay visa could be a turning point and I know some IO use it as a guideline regarding further stays as a tourist.
And the most important question is how many times you can enter Thailand on a tourist visa per year before your tourist visa will be turned down by the immigration. When is a tourist no longer a tourist?
No loopholes, got several myself on visa exemptions and TM.30 from a hotel. Quite straightforward without greasing anyone. You don’t need a long stay visa to get a thai driverlicense, purchase a motorbike/car or open a bank account with an agent, but you’ll need a residence certificate.
At most immigration you can apply 30 days before expiry date. Some accept 45 days before, and if you tell where you stay maybe someone can give you an exact answer.
You can apply where you currently stays and inside Thailand and you’ll have to apply for a regular 90 days Non O visa based on being married to a Thai or parent of a Thai child.
You apply online if the embassy/consulate where you stay use the e-visa system. Or else and in Thailand you’ll apply in person, but you can’t get any Non O visa on arrival. You’ll need to enter on a visa exemption or tourist visa and change to a Non O visa at the immigration later.
Don’t know if there’s any restrictions regarding 30 days visa exemption for Philippine and Thai citizens entering Lao, but you could apply for a tourist visa first. I guess you haven’t spent long time in total inside Laos on your border runs so my guess is that you’ll be fine, but can’t guarantee anything. Fee is $50
You’re right practice can vary between embassies and ever between personnel handling the application, but generally no onward ticket is required for long stay visas.