Embassy will say no, emergency passport is for travel home only.

But if have extension of stay it is possible to get it transferred to an emergency passport and extend visa on that, though visa date will be limited to date of emergency passport.

When have replacement passport can transfer visa back to that.

Done a few years back with British emergency passport in Pattaya. But as an unusual case may vary in different immigration offices or depend on officers mood.

35/guide-to-thb-transfers

Make sure you get either Bangkok Bank, Siam Commercial or Kasikorn.

Thai citizenship group this group will give you accurate answers, lots incorrect above.

Key point on your question is are you married to a Thai?

If yes then no need to have PR, read, write or sing. Some conversational Thai will be expected but not fluency and your wife can join meeting and assist you on Thai bits.

If not married then you will need PR which is harder than citizenship to apply for, plus higher language requirements including singing the anthem.

You can do 90 day report online, but not the first one.

So do your first 90 day reports, test the next one online, then renew the passport early next year.

Info on business, non b visa and work permit here.

If you open a business all possible.

Work permit on retirement visa not possible.

Your best bet is go to labour department yourself then.

Your employment is controlled by the employer so they wont need power of attorney to cancel, not quite sure what happens if they dont have the book.

But if you no longer work there then they legally need to cancel work permit.

They legally need to give you the cancellation letter.

If you have the book then you can always go and cancel yourself, which is probably best bet

Yes work permit can be cancelled without your presence by the employer.

If you are on an extension of stay based on employment (eg. Non-B extension) then you need to go to immigration immediately after work permit is cancelled (same day) and cancel your visa, at which time you can (depending on local rules) extend your stay for 7 days (sometimes more in other locations). Else leave the country same day, which could be on a border run and return on a visa exempt entry.