You can get a Temporary certificate of residence from immigration. I got my first Thai Driving licence before covid. Unfortunately that lapsed because of travel restrictions.
My 2nd Thai licence I had to drive around a course showing i could drive, parking, braking, reversing etc, watch 5 hours of videos and then answer 45 correct out of 50 questions. Took my Pass certificate and residence certificate and medical certificate to get my Thai Driving Licence.