Each immigration office sets their own requirements. You need to go to your immigration office and ask them for their list of requirements.
Also you don't say what type of visa you are on now and what type of extension you'll be applying for so it's not even possible to give you a basic answer.
the visa has a a start and end date on it when it's issued by the embassy. The start date is the day it is issued and the end date is 5 years after that. That is when the visa ends.
When you enter Thailand you get 180 day entry stamp. That's just your permission to stay and has nothing to do with how long your visa is valid.
yellow book has nothing to do with applying for a visa. Each immigration office sets their own requirements for visas and extensions. You would need to go to your immigration office and ask for their list of requirements if you want to apply for a visa.
you can get both an O or an OA visa from your home country. The O visa is not only available inside Thailand. That would make absolutely no sense. There's no such thing as a visa you can only get inside Thailand.
yes a residence certificate is a common requirement. But even then most banks won't do it if you're on a tourist entry. They want you to be on a long-term visa already