You cannot get a 12 month marriage visa from inside Thailad - only and extension of stay based on marriage. Go to your local Government office and ask what else they require to register your marriage. Go to local Immigration office and get their list of requirements. Hint. Extension of stay based on Marriage has more hoops to jump through than an retirement extension which is easy if you have 800, 000 thb in your Thai bank.
To obtain a visa for these countrys is not easy. You need to be able to prove that the applicant has sufficient ties with Thailand to ensure that she will not overstay and has sufficient funds for her stay. I successfully assisted my wife and her adult daughter obtain tourist visa for Australia.
It is illegal to do any work (even volunteering without pay) in Thailand without an appropriate work permit. To obtain a work permit for a teaching job, you need a degree, as a TEFL qualification is not sufficient. With a TEFL qualification you may be able to get work and a work permit as a teachers assistamt or a volunteer at a private school.