What’s important is whether you booked this on ONE TICKET with one PNR or you have two separate tickets. If it’s all booked on one ticket your luggage will be checked through to destination, you will be a CIQ passenger in transit and you’ll pass through a special security line and go to your gate. If it’s two separate tickets, you will have to clear Immigration in oder to claim your luggage, check in again and go through outgoing passport control and security. If you are a Cambodian national, you’re eligible for a free 14-day visa exemption, so you do not require a visa.
One thing you could do is book an inexpensive flight in the region for before the end of the 60-day visa (that gives you POOT for your visa and for check-in) and then actually TAKE THE FLIGHT (now how original is that? :-D) Stay away a few days, give yourself a little holiday from Thailand and in the process get a new 60-day single-entry tourist visa (SETV). That covers you for the four months without having to deal with Immigration. Phnom Penh, Penang, Kuala Lumpur, Vientiane, Saigon are all wonderful destinations for a short break — and all have Thai embassies or consulates.
You need to book a FLIGHT out of the country within the 30-day visa exemption period or you will be denied boarding. It must be a flight because the airlines can confirm on their databases. A cheap Air Asia hop to Penang will do, for example, or it could be to Vientiane, since you want to go there anyway. In Thailand, you can get a 30-day extension to your exemption at any Immigration office for 1900 baht. Then you must leave and come back either with a proper visa or another exemption. But Immigration starts to make problems when you try to enter too often on exemptions. You onl< get two land entries per calendar year in any case.