It doesn't say MOP, it says ต่อ (extension) page 16. On the extension it says จาก (from) page 15. Those are just notes to link the entry stamp and the extension.
You can do it on arrival, but you'll get through a bit more quickly if you do it in advance - the website will generate a QR code for them to scan at the health inspection station.
Yes. I know nothing about CRS, but Thailand and the US signed an agreement eight years ago in which the Thais agreed to enforce FATCA. As a result, Thai banks are required to ask every person opening an account whether or not they are a "US person" for FATCA purposes. This recent email may be reaching out to folks who opened their accounts before 2016 and so never filled out those forms.
The forms are for both FATCA and CRS. FATCA applies to "US persons" (which is actually a much broader category than just US citizens), but CRS applies to lots of other nationalities.
People have been asking this since the program started, and BoI has been very clear that the figure is for gross income. Which makes sense, since otherwise a person paying for insurance or tax by payroll deduction would be treated quite differently from someone paying those expenses separately, even though the two situations are actually identical.