Hospital stay at your cost. Check with your insurance company if they will cover said stay. Most will not if you found to be asymptomatic and/or made to quarantine on your hotel rather than hospital. The latter will not be covered.
Yes...but you will not be able to get to the front of the line, so to speak. It is Thais first. Also depends upon vaccine availability and length of time from when you received your second jab. As a side note: check the US Embassy website as there are jabs being offered in CM and BKK hospitals and other locations now.
Look at Bangkok Bank. They have a branch in NYC. You can open an account with them, and Thailand will recognize those deposited funds... if you transfer them into Thai Baht with them.
Start yelling on the numbers that the Thai government has added for people to call if they are having trouble with the system. There are agents out there who can help.