they asked for proof of residence outside of Thailand. I provided Taiwan ARC, but I’m not sure if they’re strict or can accept any other ID. I know some Thai embassies (like Japan) who will only issue visas to citizens or residents of the country. I’m not sure if Taiwan is also like that.
I think you can also use that address. It doesn’t really matter. But keep in mind that the Taipei office might require a proof of residence (ARC). I’m not sure if it’s strictly enforced though.
Because of the "one China" policy, Thailand does not have an embassy or consulate in Taiwan, just a trade office. Since the office in Taiwan is neither an embassy nor a consulate, it is not eligible to issue visas in its own right, so it uses the authority of the Thai embassy in Manila to do so.
Regarding the address, you can use any hotel in Bangkok, they won’t ask for proof.