Can I obtain a visa extension in Thailand with a new passport after losing my old one, specifically under a METV?

If people don't have the receipt that shows they bought a visa from a thai consulate many times I've seen the thai immigration office send people to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs Office (which is the gov't agency that RUNS the thai consulates in other countries who SELL visas). That office in turn contacts the consulate where you got your visa to send proof you really had the visa you say you did.

THEN the immigration office will move the stamps and let you continue to get extensions on it.

Getting a new passport and NOT having the old one while you have a valid visa in it is NOT as simple of an endeavor as you might imagine.