Information is not (only) in your passport, it's in the immigration system. Getting a new passport doesn't delete the history of the person.
If you get a new one, the current visa/permission of stay will be transferred - but again, rest of the history is in their system.
It depends on the country but usually you cannot get a new passport until less than one year to expire date. But you can get a new one if the current one is lost/stolen, or if you run out of pages - but I think US will give you extra pages instead of a new passport.
Regarding time frame, I'd say 45 days is pretty tight, even my country which is very fast doing it needs 3-6 weeks... But best bet is to ask directly to your US consulate.
With a lot of history like yours, a cross for a 45 days exemption is pretty dangerous, they could reject you. To be covered, you must have an onwards flight, at least
*****
baht (or equivalent) in cash and proof of hotel reservation or equivalent, and do it through a land border in where if rejected you can enter again the country you've just left.