Can I travel internationally during the one-month consideration period of my non-O spouse visa renewal in Thailand?

I did it exactly the same last time during my extension. You only need to ask for a single re-entry permit for the under consideration period and explain why. I returned back on time before the under consideration date was expired and no problem at all during arrival

You can travel abroad as long as you get a re-entry permit and return to Thailand on or before the under-consideration period (date) is up then still can keep your under-consideration stamp alive. BUT, you need to talk with your local immigration office about your travel plan abroad within the U/C period when you apply for a 1-year extension and before submitting the documents. Many offices have you to do something during the U/C period such as home visits, witness interviews at home, witness interviews at the local office, online interviews (you need to be at home - registered address - with your wife), etc. You don't want to miss that.