Can I re-enter Thailand with a tourist visa after leaving my job and cancelling my work visa?

If you're on the very first 90 days of a Non-B visa you can stay the 90 days then leave.

Where as if you're on an extension of stay you CAN'T just leave because stamping out doesn't officially cancel your extension. SO look in your passport and read your stamp. If it says "extension of stay permitted until" and has a date you have to get documentation from your employer and go to the immigration office to cancel it BEFORE you leave the country

Now whether you can or can't get a tourist visa from a thai consulate nearby is totally up to your previous entry/stay history here, whether you can meet the requirements for a tourist visa at that consulate or not.

Also I think you're not talking about re-entering thailand on a tourist visa at all, I think what you're really asking is can you exit/re-enter the country and get in on a FREE 30 day entry stamp (visa exempt entry <- which is not a tourist visa and not a visa at all just a free entry)