Can I apply for a visa longer than 30 days before arriving in Thailand through the consulate in Australia?

Good luck to the OP...

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or an Non Immigrant Visa which gives you 90 days, or 1 year, or 5 years. You can apply for the Thai Elite Visa which gives you 5 or 10 or 20 years.

Or an multiple entry tourist visa, which gives you 60 days on each entry during the validity of 6 months, played well you can have 270 days stay inside Thailand out of it

I would say visit the Thai Consulate website and see for which visa you can meet the requirements.

Yes

What is your home country?

And you want us to guess which is your country? :) Start with checking consulate website, you have all information there