The Chaengwattana office in Bangkok may or may not issue a re-entry permit on a long-term extension that is issued by another office. Some offices don't issue in that case. Sorry, I'm not sure whether CW does.
You are on 1-year extension, not on the initial visa any more.
Yes, you need to get a re-entry permit (single or multiple re-entry) BEFORE you leave to keep your current extension stamp valid when you leave Thailand and back.
You can apply for a re-entry permit either at the departure airport when you fly out or local immigration office.
You can apply for one at Suvarnabhumi Airport. Go to the International Departure Gate 2. There is a counter on the same floor with passport controls.
Put 20-30 mins for re-entry permit at the airport.
You have to have 400K baht in a Thai bank account in your name only for at least two months as of application day for a 1-year extension based on a spouse to a Thai female.
Funds of 800k baht are for an extension based on retirement, not for marriage to a Thai.
, you have to apply for initial visa first. Those are requirements for a 1-year extension after initial visa. You need to check those for initial in-country Non-O visa at your local immigration office.